George Mason University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

George Mason University is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 81%. Located in Fairfax, Virginia, George Masons 677-acre main campus is situated just 15 miles from Washington, D.C. Students can apply using the Common Application or George Mason Universitys online application. Students interested in being considered for the honors college or merit scholarships must apply by the Early Action deadline. Considering applying to George Mason? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, George Mason University had an acceptance rate of 81%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 81 students were admitted, making GMUs admissions process less competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 19,557 Percent Admitted 81% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 23% SAT Scores and Requirements George Mason requires that most applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. The university has a test-optional policy for students who meet the following criteria: maintain a competitive high school GPA (above 3.5), have consistently high grades in the most challenging coursework offered at your high school, and demonstrate strong leadership in extracurricular or work activities. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 71% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 570 660 Math 550 660 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of GMUs admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to George Mason scored between 570 and 660, while 25% scored below 570 and 25% scored above 660. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 550 and 660, while 25% scored below 550 and 25% scored above 660. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1320 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at GMU. Requirements George Mason does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that GMU participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. While George Mason is test-optional for certain students, the following applicants must submit SAT or ACT scores for admission: computer science and engineering applicants, home-schooled applicants, and those applicants applying as Division I athletes. ACT Scores and Requirements GMU requires that most applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. The university has a test-optional policy for students who meet the following criteria: maintain a competitive high school (above 3.5), have consistently high grades in the most challenging coursework offered at your high school, and demonstrate strong leadership in extracurricular or work activities. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 9% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 23 31 Math 23 28 Composite 24 30 This admissions data tells us that most of GMUs admitted students fall within the top 26% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to George Mason received a composite ACT score between 24 and 30, while 25% scored above 30 and 25% scored below 24. Requirements Note that George Mason does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. GMU does not require the ACT writing section. While George Mason is test-optional for certain applicants, the following students must submit SAT or ACT scores for admission: computer science and engineering applicants, home-schooled applicants, and those applicants applying as Division I athletes. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA for incoming George Mason freshman was 3.7. Over 90% of admitted students had average GPAs between 3.25 and 4.0. These results suggest that most successful applicants to GMU have primarily B/B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph George Mason University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to George Mason University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances George Mason University, which accepts over three-quarters of applicants, has a slightly selective admissions process. If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average ranges, you have a strong chance of being accepted. However, GMU has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. George Mason is looking for students who participate in meaningful  extracurricular activities and have a  rigorous course schedule with an upward trend in grades. Applicants also need to submit letters of recommendation from a school counselor and a teacher. The application essay  is optional, but strongly recommended, as is the 250-word personal essay explaining why you want to go to college. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see most students with a 3.0 GPA or better were admitted, while most of those with a lower GPA were not. Most admitted students scored 1000 or higher on the SAT (ERWM) or 20 or higher on the ACT. Higher test scores and grades improve your chances of getting an acceptance letter, and almost no students with A averages and competitive SAT scores were rejected. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and George Mason University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The Kite Runner Essay - 1632 Words

â€Å"There is a way to be good again† (2). This is the line that rolls through Amirs mind over and over throughout Khaled Hosseinis novel, The Kite Runner. This is the story of a mans struggle to find redemption. The author illustrates with the story of Amir that it is not possible to make wrongs completely right again because its too late to change past. In this novel Hosseini is telling us that redemption is obtainable, and by allowing us to see Amirs thought process throughout the novel, Hosseini shows us that it guilt is the primary motivation for someone who seeks redemption. Hosseini also uses not only the main character, but other secondary characters to show how big of a part that guilt plays in the desire for redemption. In this†¦show more content†¦A past that has been hovering over his life. He gives us the idea that he is not happy with who he has become, and it was his wrong doing that made it that way. Hosseini shows that it is Amirs immense guilt th at drives him to want to make things right and to earn redemption. We learn the basis Amirs guilt through his memories. It is caused by a lack of response at a time when his loyal servant and close friend Hassan is in trouble. Amir makes a conscious decision to hide in the distance and just watch, not because he was afraid. He sacrifices Hassan in order to earn his fathers attention and affection. This decision results in Hassan suffering though a traumatic experience and is the root of Amirs lasting regret. At first, Amir does not seek to earn redemption. We know that he is ashamed at what he has done but he prefers to hide his guilt rather than confess and redeem himself right away. After the incident, Amir attempted to avoid Hassan at all costs. Even when Hassan approached him to see if he wanted to go for a walk, like they used to do frequently, Amir refused to go with him and told him to go away (88). He knew that he didnt deserve his friends unwavering love and loyalty. This i s just the beginnings of his guilt. We leave Amirs childhood memories and return to the summer of 2001, where Amir and Baba, Amirs father, have moved to America (191). AmirShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner1867 Words   |  8 PagesThe main protagonists in A Complicated Kindness and The Kite Runner convey that identities are socially constructed. Identity is shaped through the following factors: parenting, conflict, culture, gender, and genetics. These factors all intertwine and are the main influencers for shaping the protagonists identity. This is formed by the people that surround a person, their cultural stereotypes, how they teach others, and how a person learns. This essay will discuss how these factor effect identityRead MoreThe Kite Runner1445 Words   |  6 PagesAs implied by the title, kites play a major role in the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. They appear numerous times within the text and prove to be surprisingly versatile in their literary function. They pr ovide common ground for characters whose interests do not normally intersect. They are also present as a very powerful symbol, which adds an extra dimension to this already literary rich novel. Reversing the roles transcending generations, it shows itself to be a multifaceted medium. Read MoreSummary Of The Kite Runner 1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe Kite Runner is a very powerful book that deals with many complex political and personal problems. This book has changed and challenged many of my views on life. I also found this book very inspiring and I have gained a greater appreciation for the life I have in Canada. Firstly, the text communicated with me through emotions. For example, I felt sadness for Hassan because of the way society treats him as an unequal. In addition, I have learned many things from this novel such as the importanceRead MoreThe Kite Runner Analysis772 Words   |  4 PagesThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini was a touching book that revolved around loyalty wit hin a friendship. The friendship between Hassan and Amir had some difficulties. A true friendship can be hard to find(,) but can be one of the most vital things to being truly happy. Both Hassan and Amir had proven their loyalty to each other by the end of The Kite Runner. Loyalty was a crucial part in Hassan and Amir’s friendship.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning, Hassan was not only loyal to Amir because that was his dutyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner1078 Words   |  5 Pages The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, a story of a boy as he unravels his journey throughout his life. The novel consists of multiple themes such as love, friendship, betrayal, guilt, , secrets, loyalty, and redemption. As the main character, Amir recalls his past events, all of these themes start to unravel specific events that occurred in his life. â€Å"There is a way to be good again† (Hosseini 2) is where the novel unfolds the deep dark life of Amir’s regret and guilt, Baba’s secret, and Hassan’sRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner 1016 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the dictionary redemption means â€Å" The act of saving from sin†. The kite Runner is about two boys that goes through violence and betrayal in Kabul, Afghanistan. One of the main characters Amir decided not to help his best friend caused their conflicts to grow. This reveals the theme of redemption throughout the Kite Runner. Most importantly, there is a motivation behind why Amir battles very nearly his whole existence with reclamation and that is on the grounds that Amir s hirelingRead MoreSummary Of The Kite Runner 1196 Words   |  5 PagesNick St. Sauveur World Literature II 20 November 2015 Mrs. Hogan Kite Runner Essay Amir: Lost In Fear Over the duration of history, it has been shown that guilt not brought to light can do little in the name of personal redemption. Moreover, this is clearly connected with and related to Khaled Hosseini s fantastic novel The Kite Runner, one of which describes as well as shows the thoughts and actions of teens through the story s main character, Amir, and his many adventures as anRead MoreThe Kite Runner Analysis 1844 Words   |  8 PagesTherefore, being a father is very difficult, having to overcome obstacles and being strong for each other. A well-known saying â€Å"like father, like son† is evident in this novel by the different ties of relationship each character had. In the novel, The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini proves that there is need of a fatherly figure when growing up. Having a father-son bond helps the child differentiate right from wrong. The relationship which demonstrates the need of a father figure is depicted by Baba and AmirRead MoreSummary Of The Kite Run ner Essay997 Words   |  4 Pages The Kite Runner Theme Paper In the song â€Å"hello† by Adele she talks about how she wants meet to talk about everything in the past the makes her feel this guilt because the time away just didn t do enough she hasn t got over this feeling. Also in The Kite Runner, the character Baba experiences guilt so he does acts of kindness to redeem himself. No one knows why Baba did those acts of kindness till the end of the book because he thought no one would think of him the same way. In The Kite RunnerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner 1229 Words   |  5 PagesThe Kite Runner’s plot is centered on the story of Amir, a young boy who grew up in Afghanistan with his father, and friend, Hassan. Amir was raised without a mother, and had no womanly influence in his life until he was married. This lack of women in the storyline has caused some to argue that the novel is demeaning to women (Gomez). The vulgar language and explicit themes are seen as demoralizing towards the female gender (Schaub). In the novel the women are required to remain committed and submissive

Polymer formulation Essay Example For Students

Polymer formulation Essay Outline1 Chapter 12 Introduction3 Chapter 24 LITERATURE REVIEW5 2.1. Nucleation and Crystallisation of Semi-Crystalline Polymers6 2.1.1. Crystallization Mechanisms7 2.1.2. Primary Nucleation8 2.1.2.1. Homogeneous Nucleation9 2.1.2.2. Heterogeneous Nucleation10 2.1.2.3. Orientation-Induced Nucleation11 2.1.3. Crystal Growth12 2.1.3.1. Primary Crystallization13 2.1.3.2. Secondary Crystallization14 2.1.4. Rate of Crystallization15 Crystal Growth Shape16 Nucleation Mode17 Avrami Exponent ( N )18 2.2. High Density Polyethylene ( HDPE )19 2.2.1. Chemical Structure, Crystallisation Rate and Morphology20 2.3. Organic Pigments21 2.3.1. Copper Phthalocyanine Pigments: Copper Phthalocyanine Green22 2.3.2. Consequence of Copper Phthalocyanine Green and Other Organic Pigments on Properties and Crystallisation Behaviour of Moulded Polyolefins23 2.4. Nucleating Agents24 2.4.1. Heterogeneous Nucleation of Polyethylene: Nucleating Agents Based on Potassium Stearate and Carboxylic Acid Salts25 2.5. So lving Organic Pigment Induced Shrinkage and Warpage in Polyolefins26 2.5.1. A Review of Possible Approaches27 2.5.2. Extinguishing Shrinking and Warpage by Incorporation of Nucleating Agents28 2.6. Word picture Techniques29 2.6.1. Differential Scaning Calorimetry ( DSC )30 2.6.2. Polarised Light Optical Microscopy ( PLOM )31 2.6.3. Shrinking Isotropy Measurements Chapter 1 Introduction Pigments are additives in a polymer preparation which provide countless possibilities to interior decorators who want to distinguish their merchandise. Legislation and uprising environmental consciousness has led to the gradual phasing out of heavy metal inorganic pigments and increased use of organic pigments. Despite their good heat stableness, light speed, tinctorial strength and low cost, certain organic pigments are widely known to do important warpage in polyethylene moldings ( even at pigment concentrations every bit low as 0.1 % wt ) . This phenomenon is particularly common in big thin-walled moldings such as palpebras, bottle crates and trays. It is by and large accepted that the warpage phenomenon is caused by the nucleating consequence these organic pigments have on polythene. They act as nucleating agents, increasing crystallization rate and changing the morphology of moldings. Morphologic alterations cause higher internal emphasis which leads to deformation. Adding on to the job, different organic pigments nucleate polythene to different grades, doing it impossible to bring forth moldings with indistinguishable dimensions utilizing indistinguishable processing conditions when a assortment of pigments are used. Numerous efforts have already been made, with normally moderate success, to work out organic pigment induced warpage. They range from seting procedure parametric quantities, mould design alterations, pre-treatment of pigments, to incorporation of extra additives. A reappraisal of literature in this research country showed that although some surveies have been conducted to look into the incorporation of nucleating agents to overrule nucleating effects of organic pigments on polypropene, limited information of this kind exists for polythene. The particular mechanism behind nucleating agents overruling nucleation by organic pigments is besides still ill-defined. Therefore, it is the purpose of this research to analyze the influence of nucleating agents, based on K stearate and carboxylic acid salts, on the crystallization and warpage behavior of high denseness polythene incorporating Cu phthalocyanine green pigment. Differential Scaning Calorimetry ( DSC ) and Optical Microscopy ( OM ) will be employed to follow the crystallization behavior of the preparations and correlativities between rate of crystallization and shrinking behavior will besides be made. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Nucleation and Crystallisation of Semi-Crystalline Polymers 2.1.1. Crystallization Mechanisms Crystallization involves the formation of an ordered construction from a broken stage, such as thaw or dilute solution. The crystallisation procedure of polymers is thermodynamically driven. It is governed by alteration in Gibbs free energy, ?G. ?G = ?H T?S ( 2-1 ) Where ?H is change in heat content, T is absolute temperature and ?S is change in information. When ?G is negative, crystallization is thermodynamically favorable. This occurs when loss of enthalpy upon crystallisation exceeds the loss of information multiplied by absolute temperature. It can hence be derived that as the absolute temperature of the system falls, the driving force of crystallization will increase. For a polymer to clear, it must conform to the undermentioned demands: Molecular construction must be regular plenty to let crystalline telling Crystallization temperature must be below runing point but non near to glaze passage temperature Nucleation must happen before crystallization Crystallization rate should be sufficiently high A hundred per centum crystallinity is non possible in polymers due to factors such as concatenation webs, syrupy retarding force and ramification. Thus they are termed ‘semi-crystalline . All semi-crystalline polymers exhibit a alone equilibrium runing temperature above which crystallites thaws and below which a molten polymer starts to clear. The crystallization of semi-crystalline polymers is a two-step procedure dwelling crystal nucleation and crystal growing. 2.1.2. Primary Nucleation Primary nucleation can be defined as the formation of short-range ordered polymer collections in thaw which act as a focal Centre around which crystallisation can happen. There are three mechanisms of primary nucleation, viz. , homogenous nucleation, heterogenous nucleation and orientation induced nucleation. 2.1.2.1. Homogeneous Nucleation Homogeneous nucleation involves the self-generated creative activity of karyon in a semi-crystalline polymer thaw when it is cooled below its equilibrium thaw temperature. This procedure is termed every bit sporadic as karyons are formed in timely sequence. Creation of karyon occurs when statistical fluctuation within a polymer thaw consequences in the formation of ordered assemblies of concatenation sections larger than a critical size ; normally between 2-10nm. Below this critical size, the karyon are unstable and may be destroyed. By and large, super-cooling to between 50-100 °C below equilibrium thaw temperature is minimally required to accomplish true homogenous nucleation. The super-cooling is attributed to the energy barrier homogenous karyons are required to get the better of to make stableness. . When molecular sections pack following to each other to organize an embryo, there is a alteration in free energy, ?G, caused by two opposing mechanisms. The creative activity of new crystal surface additions free energy ( ?S is negative ) while the decrease in volume of the system decreases free energy ( ? ( U+pV ) ? ?H is negative ) . The two opposing mechanisms lead to a size-dependent free energy curve which defines critical karyon size. A little embryo has high surface to volume ratio and so ?G is positive ; in other words, crystal growing is non thermodynamically favorable. However as nuclei grow, the surface to volume ratio decreases up to a point where volume alteration outweighs the creative activity of new surface and alteration in free energy lessening ; crystal growing becomes progressively likely. This point is defined as critical karyon size and above this point, the energy barrier is overcome. Finally when ?G becomes negative, nuclei are thermodynamically stable, pav ing the manner for farther growing into gill or spherulites. The minimal figure of unit cells required to organize a stable karyon lessening when temperature lessening, due to a decrease in energy barrier. In other words, the rate of homogenous nucleation additions when temperature of the polymer decreases. 2.1.2.2. Heterogeneous Nucleation In pattern, one normally observes heterogenous nucleation and non homogenous nucleation. Heterogeneous nucleation involves the formation of karyon on the surface of foreign organic structures present in the liquefied stage of a semi-crystalline polymer. The foreign organic structures can take the signifier of adventitious drosss such as dust atoms or accelerator leftovers, nucleating agents added on intent or crystals of the same stuff already present in the liquefied stage ( self-seeding ) . The presence of foreign organic structures greatly reduces the energy barrier for the formation of stable karyon. This ground for this is, polymer molecules which solidify against preexistent surfaces of foreign organic structures create less new liquid/solid interface than the same volume of polymer molecules organizing a homogenous karyon. In bend, critical size of karyon is smaller in heterogenous nucleation as compared to homogeneous nucleation so that heterogenous nucleation ever occurs at lower supercooling. Foreign organic structures with crystallographic spacings fiting the semi-crystalline polymer are particularly effectual heterogenous nucleating agents. Favorable nucleation sites include crystal grain boundaries, clefts, discontinuities and pits. 2.1.2.3. Orientation-Induced Nucleation Orientation-induced nucleation is caused by some grade of molecular alliance in the liquefied stage of a semi-crystalline polymer. Molecular alliance reduces the information difference between the molten and crystalline province of the polymer. This sort of nucleation is of import in assorted procedures such as fibre melt-spinning, film-forming and injection molding. In these procedures, polymer thaw is sheared before and during crystallization. 2.1.3. Crystal Growth 2.1.3.1. Primary Crystallization Primary crystallization occurs when thaw of a semi-crystalline polymer is cooled below its equilibrium thaw temperature. It involves molecular sections lodging onto the turning face of crystallites or karyon. The attendant crystal growing occurs along the a and B axes, comparative to the polymer s unit cell. These add-ons of molecular sections can happen through two mechanisms: tight fold next re-entry or independent deposition ( illustrated in Figure 2.3 ) . Tight fold next re-entry requires that concatenation stems be laid down continuously from a individual polymer molecule in a series of hairpin decompression sicknesss until its length is exhausted. This individual molecule is thought to be ‘reeled in from environing liquefied stuff. This mechanism requires that molecular gestures along the polymer molecule s contour length to be several times faster than the rate of crystal growing. On the other manus, the independent deposition mechanism merely requires localised gesture of molecular sections. Molecular sections merely need to re-organise sufficiently to aline with molecular sections at the crystallite face. tight fold next re-entry independent deposition 2.1.3.2. Secondary Crystallization After a semi-crystalline polymer is cooled to room temperature, crystallization is still thermodynamically favorable but restricted by the low mobility of molecular sections in its formless parts. Over an drawn-out period of clip, which can cross from hours to hebdomads, re-arrangement of molecular sections within formless parts can take to farther crystal growing. This procedure is defined as secondary crystallization. Secondary crystallization can take two signifiers ; either thickener of preexistent crystallites by re-organisation of formless concatenation sections next to crystallite surface or creative activity of new crystallites by re-organisation of formless concatenation sections in interstitial parts between preexistent crystallites. 2.1.4. Rate of Crystallization The crystallization of semi-crystalline polymers is a two-step procedure and hence overall crystallization rate is governed by both nucleation rate and crystal growing rate. Both factors are extremely temperature dependant, as illustrated in Figure 2.4. When temperature is merely below equilibrium runing point, there exists a meta-stable part where rate of nucleation is low as karyon that are formed dissolve easy due to high thermic gestures. As super-cooling additions, thermodynamic conditions become more favorable and rate of nucleation additions and reaches a maximal near the glass passage temperature. On the other manus, kinetic conditions are less favorable as super-cooling causes viscousness to increase. This consequences in a displacement in maximal rate of crystal growing to higher temperatures where viscousness lessening is balanced by formation of karyon. Overall crystallization rate at a given temperature is normally expressed as the opposite of clip needed for half of the crystals to turn in the polymer ( 1/ t1/2 ) . When crystallization occurs under isothermal conditions, its advancement can be expressed by the Avrami equation: Ninety ( T ) = 1 exp ( -K.tn ) ( 2-2 ) Where Xc ( T ) is the fraction of stuff transformed at clip T, N is the Avrami advocate and K is the Avrami rate invariable. Equation ( 2-2 ) may besides be written as: ln ( -ln |1-Xc ( T ) | ) = n ln ( T ) + ln K ( 2-3 ) So that N and K may be obtained by plotting ln ( -ln |1-Xc ( T ) | ) against ln ( T ) ; n is the incline while ln K is the y-intercept. The value of the Avrami advocate, N, is dependent on mechanism of nucleation and geometry of crystal growing. Theoretical values of n matching to different nucleation manners and crystal growing form are tabulated in Table 2.1. Crystal Growth Shape Nucleation Mode Avrami Exponent ( N ) Rod Heterogeneous 1 Homogeneous 2 Phonograph record Heterogeneous 2 Homogeneous 3 Sphere Heterogeneous 3 Homogeneous 4 Table 2.1: Relation between Ns and nucleation manner / crystal growing form When crystallization occurs under constant-cooling-rate conditions, its advancement can be expressed by the Ozawa equation: Ninety ( T ) = 1 exp ( -? ( T ) / ?m ) ( 2-4 ) Where ? ( T ) is the Ozawa rate invariable, ? is the changeless chilling rate ( ?T/?t ) and m is the Ozawa advocate. Equation ( 2-4 ) may besides be written as: ln ( -ln |1-Xc ( T ) | ) = m ln ( T ) + ln ? ( T ) ( 2-5 ) So that m and ? ( T ) may be obtained by plotting ln ( -ln |1-Xc ( T ) | ) against ln ( T ) ; m is the incline while ln ? ( T ) is the y-intercept. Qiu et Al. combined the Avrami and Ozawa equations to do a connexion between the Avrami and Ozawa advocates: log ? = log F ( T ) a log T ( 2-6 ) Where a = n/m and the kinetic map F ( T ) = ( ? ( T ) / K ) 1/m. At a given grade of crystallinity, a secret plan of log ? against log T will give a and log F ( T ) as the incline and y-intercept severally. 2.2. High Density Polyethylene ( HDPE ) 2.2.1. Chemical Structure, Crystallisation Rate and Morphology High denseness polythene, HDPE, is a semi-crystalline polymer made up of repetition units ( C2H4 ) N and has a general signifier as illustrated in Figure 2.5. It consists chiefly of unbranching molecules with really few defects to interrupt its one-dimensionality or hinder crystalline wadding. As such, HDPE has a high rate of crystallization, grade of crystallinity and denseness ( 0.94-0.97 g/cm3 ) . Bing a semi-crystalline polymer, HDPE exhibits a three-phase morphology dwelling of submicroscopic crystals surrounded by a non-crystalline stage consisting a partly ordered bed adjacent to the crystals and disordered stuff in the intervening infinites. This is illustrated in Figure 2.6. The unit cell of HDPE, defined as the smallest agreement of its concatenation sections that can reiterate in three dimensions to organize a crystalline matrix, is orthorhombic ; a cuboid with each of its axes holding different lengths while the angles of bordering faces are all 90 ° . Each unit cell is made up of two ethylene repetition units ; a complete unit from one concatenation section and parts of four others from environing concatenation sections. Bank and Krim reported that the a, B and degree Celsius axes of a polyethylene unit cell are of dimensions 7.417, 4.945 and 2.547A severally. This is illustrated in Figure 2.7. extraneous position, position along c-axis HDPE unit cells pack together in a three dimensional array to organize little crystals known as crystallites. Most normally, crystallites of HDPE take the signifier of ‘lamellae ; crystallites with a and B dimensions that are much greater than their hundred dimensions. Lamellae thicknesses are normally between 50 to 200A while sidelong dimensions can run from a few hundred As to several millimeters. Figure 2.8 illustrates a HDPE gill. Assorted theoretical accounts have been proposed to explicate the agreement of molecular ironss in gill. They include next re-entry with tight creases, patchboard, loose cringles and a theoretical account with combined characteristics ( illustrated in Figure 2.9 ) . As molecular length of HDPE is known to be many times greater than lamellae thickness, all theoretical accounts indicate some signifier of concatenation folding. However, they differ in their specific nature of turn uping. vitamin D ) composite theoretical account In HDPE, the most common big scale-structures composed of crystalline and non-crystalline parts are known as ‘spherulites . A spherulite consists of lamellae turning outward radially from a common nucleation site. As this growing progress into formless liquefied polymer, local inhomogeneities in concentrations of crystallisable sections will be encountered. This causes the folded concatenation filaments to inevitable turn and subdivision. As illustrated in Figure 2.10a, a spherulite will resemble a bundle in its early phase of development. Faning out of the turning gill will later bring forth a spherical construction but true spherical symmetricalness is neer achieved due to encroachment of neighboring spherulites. This growing of spherulites besides involves the segregation of non-crystalline stuffs into parts between lamellar threads. Thus the overall construction of a spherulite consists of distorted and branched gill with polymer ironss largely perpendicular to their long axis and formless parts ( illustrated in Figure 2.10b ) . Macbeth - Supernatural Forces EssayTomlins et Al. experimented with the accommodations of injection modeling treating parametric quantities in effort to better the dimensional stableness of HDPE moldings incorporated with organic pigments. Out of the five procedure parametric quantities investigated ( keeping clip, keeping force per unit area, injection velocity, melt temperature and mould temperature ) , they found that high keeping force per unit area had the largest influence on shrinking and warpage. High keeping force per unit area improves dimensional stableness. It was besides observed that increasing the velocity at which the mold pit fills besides reduces out-of-plane deformation. This can be achieved by cut downing injection clip, increasing melt temperature or increasing mould temperature. In add-on, they noted that keeping clip does non hold any influence on out-of-plane deformation. This is interesting as it is common pattern to widen keeping clip to temper out intern al emphasiss in moldings that may do warpage. Other additives in a pigmented polyolefin preparation may besides overrule the negative nucleating consequence of the organic pigments. In their survey of the influence of organic pigments on HDPE mechanical belongingss, Lodeiro et Al. observed that the bearer ( LLDPE ) and/or the wetting agent in the organic pigment masterbatches they used serves to cut down the the negative nucleating consequence of the pigments. The debut of nucleating agents into pigmented polyolefin preparations may besides get the better of the unfavourable nucleating consequence of the organic pigments. This is the attack adopted in this undertaking and will be discussed in item following this subdivision. Tomlins suggested that little alterations in mold design characteristics may function to supply more dimensional stableness to moulded parts. He mentioned that the add-on of stiffening ribs, right arrangement of chilling channels, right choice of gate with mention to portion geometry and the usage of rounded corners alternatively of square border corners all assist in bettering dimensional stableness. Although non a executable solution, it is interesting to observe that the work of Broda indicated that organic pigments do non take part in the nucleation procedure of PP when a high grade of orientation is induced. He reasoned that under high degrees of orientation, really effectual row karyons are formed in PP, and in the presence of such karyons, heterogenous karyon formed from pigment crystals become undistinguished and the crystallization procedure merely occur on row karyon. In this instance, crystallization is besides no longer spherulitic. Comparing the different attacks, it is apparent that some are more practical than others. Surface intervention of organic pigments is effectual but there is an built-in job associated with this attack ; It is extremely possible that new bare organic pigment surfaces will be formed ( e.g. by agencies of shearing ) when pigmented polyolefins are processed into concluding articles. Changing of treating parametric quantities is the simplest and most cost effectual method, but it is by the writers ain admittance that because organic pigments promote really marked anisotropic shrinking, wholly extinguishing deformations by merely seting procedure parametric quantities is really hard. Furthermore, , when a assortment of pigments are used, it is to practical to alter a new set of treating parametric quantities each clip the pigment is varied. Changing of mould design to counterbalance for shrinking and warpage is non ever possible while bring oning high degrees of orientation is non at all executable. It would be ideal if the negative nucleating consequence of organic pigments can be negated merely by adding nucleating agents. 2.5.2. Extinguishing Shrinking and Warpage by Incorporation of Nucleating Agents To day of the month, some work has been done to demo that the incorporation of strong nucleating agents can work out or at least cut down pigment induced shrinking and warpage. These probes have chiefly been conducted on polypropene. In a survey that closely relates to the present research, Tomlins et Al. investigated the influence of nucleating agents on the dimensional stableness of pigmented PP moldings. Although the nucleating agents and pigments examined in their survey were non revealed due to commercial sensitiveness, several of import decisions can be drawn from their findings. Their work showed that add-on of nucleating agents can well cut down in-plane warpage in pigmented PP and the consequence becomes more important with increasing nucleating agent concentration. Decrease in out-of-plane warpage is non as important. It was besides demonstrated that difference in anisotropic shrinking ratio ( ratio between flow way and cross way shrinking ) that exists between PP moldings incorporating different pigments can be reduced by nucleating agent incorporation. This decrease in difference is nevertheless, insensitive to nucleating agent concentration but depends more on nucleating agent type. Many commercial nucleating agents available in the market have been alleged to work out the shrinking and warpage job caused by organic pigments. Halstead and Jones showed that the carboxylic acid salt based nucleating agent from Milliken and Company, Hyperform ® HPN-68L, promotes comparatively isotropous shrinking in PP moldings as compared to other nucleating agents such as Na benzoate. They attributed this to the plate-like atom form of HPN-68L holding no preferred flow orientation whereas in the instance of Na benzoate, ruler-shaped atoms orientate in the way of flow ( illustrated in Figure 2.15 ) . Their work demonstrated that when HPN-68L is incorporated into pigmented PP moldings, the isotropic shrinking behavior associated with this nucleating agent will still prevail while the warpage behavior associated with the integrated organic pigment will basically be cancelled out. It was besides indicated that incorporation of HPN-68L would function to ‘level out the diffe rence in anisotropic shrinking ratio and crystallization temperature that exists between PP moldings incorporating different organic pigments. These findings clearly suggest that HPN-68L has nucleation power that overrides the nucleating ability of organic pigments. This overruling power allows for the production of moldings with indistinguishable dimensions utilizing indistinguishable processing conditions even though they contain different organic pigments. Apart from Milliken and Company, BASF , Borealis and Ampacet besides claim that their several nucleating agents have the ability to overrule the negative nucleating consequence of organic pigments. The nucleating agent from BASF is of Zn monoglycerolate chemical science ( tradenamed Irgastab ® NA 287 ) while that from Borealis is made from a particular reactor technique where accelerator is pre-polymerised with monomers ( tradenamed BNT ) . The nucleating agent from Ampacet can be found in materbatches Ampacet 103003 and Ampacet 103004 but its chemical science is unrevealed. Similar to Milliken and Company, Ampacet besides mentioned that the plate-like atom form of their nucleating agent may be the ground why it can supply better dimensional stableness to pigmented moldings. In 2006 and 2010, Milliken and Company filed for two patents on nucleating agent blends ; U.S. Patent Application Number 11/078,003 and U.S. Patent Number 7,659,336 B2 severally. The former is a blend of Hyperform ® HPN-68L with a phosphate ester salt based nucleating agent, NA-11 ( from Asahi Denka Kogyo K.K. ) , while the latter involves a blend of Hyperform ® HPN-68L and HPN-20E. It was reported in both instances that a blend of two nucleating agents does non ensue in one compound dominating or overruling the nucleating consequence of the other. Alternatively, beyond the outlooks of the writers, the nucleating consequence of co-nucleants both contributed to resultant physical belongingss of the polymer and even yielded interactive effects in some instances. Two of import decisions can be interpreted from the patents. First, it has been discussed that for nucleating agents to extinguish shrinking or warpage in pigmented polyolefins, they are required to overrule the nucleat ing effects of the pigments. However, it is shown in these two patents that even a strong nucleator such as Hyperform ® HPN-68L does non needfully ever override other nucleating agents. In other words, there is a possibility that Hyperform ® HPN-68L may non be able to contradict the negative nucleating effects of all organic pigments. Second, it is besides shown in these two patents that the usage of two nucleating agents may give interactive belongingss and this could be applied to the present research. A blend of K stearate and a carboxylic acid salt could be tested to look into if it imparts interactive betterments to dimensional stableness. 2.6. Word picture Techniques 2.6.1. Differential Scaning Calorimetry ( DSC ) Differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, measures the heat flow into or out of a polymer specimen as a map of either clip or temperature. Intergration of extremums in a DSC hint ( heat flow vs. clip or temperature ) gives the heat content alteration in a specimen. When there is heat flow into the specimen, the heat content alteration is endothermal and when the specimen releases heat, the heat content alteration is exothermal. The two chief types of commercial DSC instruments are the ‘heat-flux and ‘power compensated types. A ‘power compensated DSC instrument measures the difference in power supplied to a polymer sample and a mention, in order to maintain their temperatures the same ( illustrated in Figure 2.16a ) . In a ‘heat flux DSC instrument, one individual warmer is used to increase the temperature of both the sample and mention cell ( illustrated in Figure 2.16b ) . Temperature difference between sample and mention pan happening due to exothermic and endothermal effects in the polymer are recorded. ‘heat flux DSC instrument , ‘power compensated DSC instrument A reappraisal of literature affecting the usage of differential scanning calorimetry in polymer crystallization surveies revealed that the value of this technique lies in its ability to quantify assorted facets of the procedure. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry ( changeless chilling rate ) can give the undermentioned information: Onset crystallization temperature ( Tc, oncoming ) Peak crystallization temperature ( Tc, extremum ) Percentage crystallinity , which is given by, % Crystallinity = ( ?Hf ° / ?Hf ) x 100 % Where ?Hf is measured heat of merger and ?Hf ° is heat of merger of the polymer when 100 % crystalline Ozawa advocate ( m ) and rate invariable ( ? ( T ) ) by utilizing equation ( 2-5 ) Isothermal differential scanning calorimetry ( changeless crystallization temperature ) can give the undermentioned information: Crystallization half-time ( t1/2 ) , which is the clip taken for 50 % of entire crystallization to happen Rate of crystallization , which is given by, Rate of crystallization = 1/t1/2 Avrami advocate ( n ) and rate invariable ( K ) by utilizing equation ( 2-3 ) Tomlins and Richardson showed that kinetic parametric quantities from the Avrami equation, N and K, can be farther used for computation of activation energy for crystallization and spherulitic growing rate. 2.6.2. Polarised Light Optical Microscopy ( PLOM ) Polarised light optical microscopy, is the most widely used method to characterize the supermolecular construction ( e.g. spherulites ) of semi-crystalline polymers. The popularity of this word picture technique can be attributed to ease of usage, simple sample readying and low cost. As illustrated in Figure 2.17, a polarised light optical microscope adds two polarizing filters to an ordinary optical microscope. These polarizing filters cause visible radiation that passes through it to vibrate in merely one plane. The first is located below the microscope phase to polarize light supplied by a light beginning ( e.g. halogen or curve lamp ) and the 2nd serves to analyze the polarization of visible radiation after it passes through a specimen ( therefore it is besides known as an ‘analyser ) . By and large, the polarisers are oriented such that their polarization waies are at right angles and no light base on ballss through the system. However, when a birefringent or optically anisotropic specimen is placed on the sample phase and rotated through 360 grades, they will be illuminated at some angles during the rotary motion. For an optically isotropous specimen, the field of position will stay dark at all angles of rotary motion. Spherulites can be view utilizing a polarising light optical microscope because they are ‘spherically birefringent objects with two alone refractile indices ; radial ( nr ) and digressive ( n? ) . The difference in these two indices gives rise to the ‘Maltese cross form as illustrated in Figure 2.18. Polyethylene spherulites have larger refractile index in the digressive way nr lt ; n? ; negative spherulites. polarised light optical microscope A study of literature affecting the usage of polarised light microscopy in polymer crystallization surveies showed that this technique can give the following valuable information : Spherulite size, nucleation denseness and overall spherulitic texture The full crystallization procedure can be followed and onset crystallization temperature can be determined with the assistance of a hot phase and a picture camera mounted on the microscope. Besides with the assistance of a hot phase and mounted picture camera, micrographs can be taken at fixed clip periods to mensurate radius of spherulites ( R ) . Measured radius can be used to find spherulitic growing rate ( dR/dt ) . Krumme showed that by utilizing binary transition and pel numeration, it is possible to cipher per centum crystallinity, nucleation denseness, Avrami advocate ( n ) and Avrami rate invariable ( K ) from a micrograph taken at a specific clip ( T ) . Binary transition basically involves change overing formless parts in a micrograph into black coloring material and crystalline parts into white coloring materials so that their countries can be used for farther computations. normal visible radiation, polarised visible radiation, after binary transition To look into spherulitic texture utilizing polarised visible radiation microscopy, polymer specimens must be in the signifier of thin movies. If thermic history of the polymer is of importance, thin movie specimens can be prepared by microtomy. If thermic history is non of import, thin movies can be obtained either by solvent projecting ( fade out polymer in a dissolver and topographic point a bead of the solution on a glass slide and let dissolver to vaporize ) or by melt pressing ( between microscope glass slide and cover-slip at elevated temperatures ) . Although there are many advantages in utilizing polarised visible radiation microscopy, this technique does hold its disadvantages: In general, merely spherulites with diameters above 5 µm can be resolved and utilize for computations utilizing this technique. Smaller spherulites, such as that produced by the add-on of nucleating agents, may non be clearly resolved and required the usage of other techniques such as negatron microscopy or little angle light dispersing. Cooling rate of commercial hot-stages ( max 20 °C/min ) can non forestall crystallization from get downing before isothermal crystallization temperature is reached. 2.6.3. Shrinking Isotropy Measurements Normally used criterions to mensurate shrinking from mould pit to moulded dimensions of thermoplastics include ASTM D955 and ISO 294. In this research, the former criterion will be adopted. ASTM D955 describes three different geometries that are applicable for shrinking measurings ; Type D2 60x60x2mm square plaque, Type A 12.7x127x3.2 rectangular bars and Type B discoid specimens with 100mm diameter and 3.2mm thickness. It is mentioned that Type A specimens are more applicable when shrinking in machine way is expected while Type D2 specimens are more applicable when shrinking is expected in both machine and cross waies. Harmonizing to the criterion, mould shrinking is calculated and reported for both the machine way, MD, and the cross way, TD: Percentage mould shrinkage in MD = ( mould dimension in MD specimen dimension in MD ) x 100 % mould dimension in MD Percentage mould shrinkage in TD = ( mould dimension in TD specimen dimension in TD ) x 100 % mould dimension in TD In their work, Halstead A ; Jones and Koh both used a shrinking symmetry ratio to characterize the differential shrinking in moulded specimens: Shrinking symmetry = per centum mold shrinking in MD per centum mould shrinkage in TD A shrinking symmetry ratio of 1 would bespeak unvarying shrinking. As the value moves farther off from 1, it becomes more likely that the moulded specimen will falsify.

Music For Children Essays (1652 words) - Music, Entertainment

Music For Children Early is the best time to start children with an enriched musical background. The earlier the child starts to hear and learn about music, the more enriched and fulfilling the child's experience of music is going to be. This is even more beneficial for talented children. A child cannot receive the full benefit of music and will not learn as much or at all without the first three stages of preparatory audiation. With this in mind, I will now show you how to guide children through these stages. First of all, we need to look at resources. For this particular situation, I will have two helpers, two rooms in which to work (one is furnished with cribs, the other is mostly open space with a carpet). Also, I will have a good sound system in both rooms (that includes a tape player and compact disc player), and some money (available to buy recordings and equipment). Next is the age range of the children. The first stage is Absorption. One of the most difficult things to do when guiding children through these stages is to know when the right time is to move them to the next stage. This often requires much patience. The reason that you need so much patience is because all children move through the different stages of preparatory audiation at different times. The times when children move are as different as their handwriting. In the Absorption stage, children are "absorbing" music. But, not all music is appropriate. Most of the music that should be played is live music. It should also be played in different keyalities, tonalities, harmonies, meters, and tempos. When playing such diverse groups of music it is also important to not play music with words. Why you ask? Because if you play music with words, the children seem to focus their attention more on the words than the music itself. Out of the two rooms that we have, I would use the one room, which has the cribs in it for the children in the absorption stage. This would be more appropriate for children in the absorption stage than for children in any other stage because the children in the absorption stage are the youngest. I am going to give names to my two helpers so that we can easily tell the difference between the two. The one helper that is going to be helping me with the children in the absorption stage is named Mary. The other helper, which will help me with the two other stages (random response and purposeful response), is named Peter. Mary would be playing live music for the children. Live music and/or any kind of music that you play for children must be pleasing to the ear. It is also important that children hear a wide variety of instruments so they are introduced to a variety of pitches and timbres. Another thing is that children's attention spans are very short. This means that it is best to play only short sections of music or music with frequent shifts in dynamics, timbre, and tempo. This encourages children to continually redirect their attention to the music. Once you think a child is ready to go through the absorption stage, than you can go onto the next stage, which is random response. But, before a child can go through absorption you must make sure the child is really ready to go to the next stage. One thing you do not want to do is to rush a child through each stage. They must be emotionally ready. Even if it seems like they are mentally or physically ready, you must wait if necessary. I would practice the beginning order of step two to find out if they are ready. If they are ready, they will start doing things in step two since step one and two overlap one another. The way I would be able to tell if they changed is by looking at the different things they do during this stage. In the second stage children begin to make babble sounds and movements. These are not coordinated with each other or with aspects in the environment and should not even be interpreted as an attempt by children to imitate what they are listening to or seeing, or as a conscious response to what they have listened to or seen. Adults guiding children at this stage need to understand that at this age children simply have the need to babble. Another activity that happens

Fahrenhiet 451 essays

Fahrenhiet 451 essays 1.Montag is a very easily influenced and changing person. Even such a seemingly insignificant person such as Clarisse had the most profound affect on him. One Second he his following the path of his society, and the next he his starting to doubt his ways after a few chats with a young girl. In the beginning of the book Montag is described in dark and gloomy tones, but at the same time is described with the fire symbols, which foreshadow the changes that will be taking place throughout the book in Montag. Montag starts out a very gloomy and thoughtless person that conceals his unhappiness with a mask just going through life like he has been told do all his life. As the story goes on and he talks to Clarisse he starts to change. He begins to drink the falling rain, which represents that he will be reborn in a sense that his views will change. He starts to look at the stars, not just for fun because he his becoming confused about what he needs to do and is looking for guidance which he finds in Faber. In the very end of the novel Montag jumps into the river not only for the obvious reason to escape the hound, but most importantly to show the reader that Montage is beginning a new life. He will never have the same securities, easiness, or comforts that he has experienced for his whole life until now. Montag, instead of being described in, is now realizing the darkness and chaos that everybody is consumed in. The whole book, from cover to back, is filled with changing symbols and colors that are used to represent Montag in that point in time of the book. He is never the same person at any time in the novel. ...

Cohabitation in the US Essays

Cohabitation in the US Essays Cohabitation in the US Paper Cohabitation in the US Paper Essay Topic: In the Us â€Å"Cohabitation† means two people of the opposite sex living together before marriage. Today, about four million couples live together before marriage, although their future will most likely be in danger. Most couples cohabit to save money, to test run a marriage, or to stave off loneliness. The United States Bureau Census has found that cohabitors are 80 percent more likely to become divorced than those who do not live together before marriage. Of this 80 percent, 40 percent break up before marriage and 40 percent divorce within ten years. The responsibility of commitment to a partner, excluding sexual contact, may be lower of cohabitors after marriage. Forste and Tanfer in 1996 said that women cohabitors are 3.3 times more likely to have a second sex partner following marriage than non-cohabitors. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, cohabiting women have a depression rate three times higher than non-cohabiting women. These women also become more irritable, anxious, worried, and unhappy. Becoming a cohabitor is not always the safest road to take. The United States Justice Department says that women living in cohabitation are sixty-two times more likely to experience assault by a live-in boyfriend. In addition, 25 percent of single women suffer from neurotic disorders; whereas only 15 percent of married women suffer from these disorders. According to the United States Bureau Census, four out of every ten cohabiting couples have children present. Of these children, only 40 percent will see their parents marry. Children need the love and care of real parents because unstable and broken relationships may traumatize children for life. Supporters of cohabiting couples argue that living together before marriage is a test to see how compatible the couple may be. After all, most people would not buy a pair of shoes without trying them on first. Of the 50 to 80 percent of cohabiting couples in first world countries, 76 percent of them plan to marry, but a lower percentage actually does, according to Brown and Booth. Many say that a cohabiting couple would have more money because the couple and not the individual pay the payments, but according to Kerby Anderson of Probe Ministries, cohabiting couples are often more financially unstable than married couples. Whatever the reasons for cohabiting, these statistics document the dangers for anyone contemplating cohabitation. Couples who live together are more likely to divorce and not as happy as those who do not. Children will have the greatest impact on the future. Living in an environment of a cohabiting couple the child may not receive the love and care that is needed. Although it seems to be the â€Å"right† thing to do, living together before marriage is not always good for couples.

Jean Yip International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Jean Yip International Marketing - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  Jean Yip group started as a Jean Yip Salon Limited in the year 1982, and Ms. Jean Yip was its founder. Through her exemplary leadership, the company has outspread from a single outlet in Katong Plaza to more than 60 hairdressing, beauty and slimming outlets today. The outlets in key locations all over Singapore. The company has also expanded regionally in cities of Malaysia, Indonesia and China. The group has a brilliant team of more of more than 800 creative hairstylists and professional beauty therapists making it the leading hair and beauty group in Singapore.   This study declares that  Jean Yip provides a wide range of hairdressing services with a little bit over 400 gifted and professional artistic hairstylists who can provide; super shine hair treatment services, super silk hair treatment services and amber duo color services. The company also provides face treatment services. Jean Yip has qualified employees who can perform skin lighten ing, black spot removal, pimple control among many others. The employees of this company are well equipped to perform R6 skin revolution facial treatment.  In terms of boy treatment, Jean Yip can conduct a series of treatments that include; Slimming, permanent hair removal and stretch mark removal services.  Nail care is another service that Jean Yip offers. The company produces brands that are top notch service such as manicured and pedicured nails are some.  

Animal Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Animal Rights - Research Paper Example In applied research with direct clinical applications in animals and humans.† Animals are used in psychological research because they assist in the better understanding of human psychological characteristics which include remembering things and the changes seen in periods of strain. This research has assisted in the understanding of psychopathological conditions which include schizophrenia and depressive disorders as well as the assessment of the untoward effects of medications used in the treatment of psychological conditions. It is for these reasons that the role of ethics has come into play. Many argue that animals should have their rights and they should not be used for experimental and research purposes (Plous 1996; Smith 2010). Other than that animals are also being slaughtered and killed because of which their habitat is being endangered. This essay would further revolve around animal rights and prove as to why is it important to preserve animal rights these days. Signif icance History In the seventeenth century a common notion was held against the acts of animals which were considered to be unethical and dangerous. However gradually the rights of animals have been recognized such that some states even look forward to extend the rights of liberty and life to them (Kadri 2006). It has been seen that strict measures have been taken to measure the violence against animals by many animal rights organizations. The argument of animal rights Previously animals did not have many rights but over time organizations have been created to argue for the rights of animals. The case of animal rights lies in the fact that the animals can breathe just like the human beings. The proponents of animal rights believe that there is no such difference between human beings and animals and both of them should be treated equally. In accordance to biology human beings and mammals have almost the same characteristics. Both of them have a conscious perception about the surroundi ngs and can make choices in accordance to their will. Human beings do not like certain things over others and same is the case with animals and this should be respected in terms of animal equality. On the other hand the opponents of animal rights believe that these animals do not have a right similar to that of human beings. According to them the animals do not have conscious perception about the things that they are doing. According to the famous philosopher Rene Descartes animals were merely robots acting in a complicated manner. At certain instances religion is also brought by these opponents to argue the case against animal rights. St Augustine stated that "by a most just ordinance of the Creator, both their [animals'] life and their death are subject to our use." The opponents also put forward that animals do not have a sense of morality similar to that of human beings. These opponents argue that because of their immoral acts the animals should also not be tolerated in the soci ety (BBC 2011). Animal Cruelty Although animal rights have been promoted in the society it is still seen that animal cruelty figures are on the rise. Between the years of 2003 and 2004 it was found that more than 100000 complaints were made against the cruelty of animals (BBC News 2004). Moreover in 2010 it was found that the complaints against animal cruelty rose by around 10%. Animal cruelty has been discouraged to a great extent in many states and the consequences of animal cruelty have been severed to the extent

As a Mass Communication Student Essay Example for Free

As a Mass Communication Student Essay Mass Communication is a very interesting course. Like what John Phelan said, most of the students want to be in this field because the skills and talents they have fit to this course. It’s more fun and adventurous. You’ll encounter lots of people, ordinary, celebrities, politics. Go to different places. Enjoy foods and new things. And learn cultures of others. But I still can’t figure out what’s gotten into my mind in choosing Mass Communication. I even don’t want to be a public figure. As we all know, public figures doesn’t have privacy anymore. And sometimes they’re into trouble because part of their job is to criticize and give opinion on a certain issue. But that’s the consequence. Even if I work behind the camera, still my name will appear as part of the show or whatever it is that I’m into. Sometimes, to make others realize that what they do is not good anymore we must take actions for them to behave in the way we want and other people wants. And as Media personnel, being responsible is what we must also possess because the audience that we have has no age limit. Kids and youth can see us. We can be part of their growing process and we don’t want to be a bad influence to them. Instead, we want them to learn good things from us. Also for the old ones especially that they depend on us for the service of giving them the right information’s that they want to hear or to see. In return, we can feel the fulfilment that we are an effective Media Personnel. They say that in this field, you can have lots of money. Yes, if you are disciplined, hardworking and determined. But money is not important. What’s important for me now is to gain experience and to learn new things to prepare myself for the future. Those things that Phelan and Schramm said inspired and taught me a lesson not only about the things happening in Media but also about the life that later on we Mass Communication students will have.

SUVs: Not Just Practical Essay -- miscellaneous

SUVs: Not Just Practical Car technology is advancing quickly and unstoppably. Along with that, the concepts of some vehicles have also changed, creating new uses that consequently make them attractive for other clients. Following this tendency for more multifunctional machines, one kind of vehicle has increased its popularity as it combines the best of work vehicles and regular automobiles. Therefore, a new market has been opened for the Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs). SUVs creators have developed such a comfortable and practical interior by placing accessories, small gadgets, devices, pleasure add-ons, and many other things we could want or need. Because of that, now it is easier than ever, for a person who owns a SUV to do activities that were not considered appropriate for these vehicles not very long ago. Examples of this are how these SUVs respond to demands regarding road trips, field trips, every day usage, usage as entertainment centers, and even in family vehicle usage. For the purpose of understanding the uses presented above it is helpful to know its definition. A SUV can be described basically as a high-performance four-wheel car built on a truck chassis, an element that gives a big part of its strength and durability. Even though, according to WordIQ.com, a SUV is a type of vehicle that combines the load-hauling and passenger-carrying capacity of a station wagon or minivan with features designed for off-road driving. In more recent years, though, the term has also grown to include vehicles with similar size and style marketed as sport utility vehicles, but do not incorporate many off-road features. The SUVs is considered to be descendent of commercial and military vehicles such as Jeep and Land Rover, starters of the genre. In the last 25 years, though, and even more in the last decade, they have become popular with urban buyers. Therefore, it has to fit the demands of urban buyers, who may use the SUVs to travel long distances. One very noticeable characteristic of today’s SUVs is that they have changed in order to be more suitable for long trips in them, keeping up with the competition for that market. Since a few years ago these cars were used almost exclusively for work, the purpose for what they were created, the manufacturers were not paying too much attention on how comfortable they would be for spending a big amount of time in ... ...umerous utilities. The SUVs can provide that, and they will continue to improve in order to fulfill the need of the buyers in the next decades, which will probably search for products with even broader uses. This appears to indicate that the SUVs are slowly becoming the vehicle of the future, for they are the most likely candidates to win in one market, that, along with many others, seems to be destined to become every time more simple. Finally, what was only a type of vehicle with work purposes is now also popular in cities and with people that would not think they needed it a few years ago. Statistics are moving towards the SUVs’ taking over the automobile market: Every year a bigger number of them being bought. Still, the exterior of the SUVs has barely changed during the last few years. This lead us to the conclusion that it is the redesign of the concept and interior of this type of car, not of the exterior, what has led to this major change of the use of it, which has been reflected on its current customers. They now not only give usefulness, but also comfort. This has led to the fact that we can do more things than ever with the every time more functional â€Å"house vehicle†.

Three West African Kingdoms

To what extent did geography determine the location of the three West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai? Ghana, Mali and Songhai were the three largest Kingdoms to exist in the history of West Africa. They were located in West Africa during the 11th, 14th and 15th century. West Africa is the region in the western part of the African continent, it lies approximately 15 ° north of the equator. Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere.These three prominent western african kingdoms flourished due to strategically located trade routes, abundance of natural resources and diverse types of land. These three factors primarily determined the location of the kingdoms and sustained and supported their societies. The existing trade routes greatly influenced the location of where the empires were built and expanded upon. One of the most commonly used and oldest trade routes in the world is the Trans Sahara route which crosses the Sahara desert and leads to the West African coast.As a result to the location of this trade route all three empires were located south of the desert to be the first civilization traders would reach after their journey. Map A (Trade Routes in Western Africa at the time of the Mali Kingdom) shows the location of the kingdoms in relation to the different trade routes coming from and to western Africa. This gave the kingdoms the direct link to different cultures from Europe, Asia and India whom all frequented this path. As the kingdoms prolonged more routes were opened up, leading northeast across the Sahara for example.As well as this, the positioning of trade routes allowed the empires to stabilize a flourishing economy with little risk of failure. The kingdoms proximity to the routes gave the population exactly what they wanted from all over the world. Merchants coming from Europe, Asia and India brought a variety of goods to Africa, including ceramics, silk, spices, camels and slaves. These items co uld be traded for a range of natural resources the West African region was enriched with. Not only could items be traded, but the kingdoms were able to enforce taxes on all trades within the area.The Ghanaian King imposed taxes on all people passing through the kingdom; in return he provided soldiers who protected the trade routes from unwanted intruders. The king also created the system of silent barter. An issue faced by people who traded with Ghana was the language barrier. To eliminate the use of language in trade, silent barter was used to trade goods. The location of the kingdoms in relation to the trade routes, the use of taxation and the system of silent bartering made trade with West African Kingdoms safe and efficient, helping them become prime trading centers.The western African region was enriched with large quantities of different natural resources, which not only allowed trade and economic success but also helped prosper a sustainable civilization. As shown in Map B (M ineral Resources of W. Africa), the area occupied by the kingdoms was filled with natural resources such as gold and iron. Also shown on Map B, the areas to the north and south of the kingdoms were rich in common salt, iron, titanium, copper, diamonds and zinc.Even though the region of the kingdom might have not been the location with the largest quantities of resources, their territories were in the middle of the northern and southern trade in Africa, allowing them to be in control of all internal African trade. The access to valuable resources subsequently allowed the economy to depend largely on trade and due to its economic success earned the title â€Å"Gold Coast†. Not only were natural resources used for trade, however they were also used to advance machinery and tools in order to sustain and develop the empires.Metals such as iron and copper were used to create tools (Image of iron tools found in western Africa on right), weapons and to increase efficiency of work. Ir on smelting and manufacture was not only prominent in West Africa but also among the Nok culture of Nigeria and various other parts of the continent. The productions of iron tools let agriculture, hunting and warfare progress and improve, and soon became a fundamental part of life. In conclusion, the diversity of natural resources found in the area helped flourish the economy and extend the technology and knowledge of the population in the kingdoms.The West African regions was not only a center of trade and home to many natural resources but also possessed a number of different types of land which were successfully used to increase agriculture and make a self-dependent society. As indicated on Map C (Land use in West Africa), this region had a combination of permanent crops, arable, grazing and forest land. Native plants such as pearl millet, sorghum and cowpeas were grown in large quantities to feed the majority of the population. This permitted the population to adapt to farming a nd agriculture using the land for different crops.In addition, West Africa is also coastal region bordering the Atlantic Ocean as shown on Map D. This gave the advantage of having fertile soil near the coast all year round. The European influence and steady trade greatly encouraged farming and consequently led the region to become extremely agriculturally productive as merchants would be looking for places to stock up on food and supplies whilst passing through the trade routes. Alongside this, the introduction of iron farming tools enhanced the production of crops immensely.This contributed to the many ways of how the African kingdoms became successful and self-sufficient civilization. After close examination, it can be concluded that a efficiently managed system of trade routes (including taxation and silent barter), diverse use of the different types of land (including arable, grazing and forest land) and an abundance of natural resources which were used to the kingdoms’ a dvantages, Ghana, Mali and Songhai were able to sustain themselves by using the geographic factors available. Word count: 1,044

Effects of Computer Society Essay

Traditionally, courses that deal with computers and society issues focus primarily on enumerating the various ways in which computers impact society. This is done by listing categories of topics such as privacy, computers in medicine, military uses of computers, etc. Classic cases of computer abuse or errant systems are typically described in detail, as a way of simply making students more aware of how computers affect society. These examples are meant to serve as warnings to future professionals, in the hopes that they will practice their profession with greater care. What is missing from these discussions, however, is  why  computers have the impact they do on society. What are the characteristics that are the root of this impact? Are there fundamental differences between this technology and others that have transformed our world in the past? The intent of developing a list of these characteristics is that it could lead to a better understanding of the nature of the social impact of computers. In this way, it might be possible to examine a new computer project at the time of its  design  (not, as is the usual case, a long time after the project has been implemented and disseminated) to determine its potential impacts as a social change agent. The characteristics given below are not necessarily unique to computer technology. However, in many instances computers have created situations that were previously impossible to accomplish (such as space flight), were essentially inconceivable until the technology was applied, or at least were very difficult to achieve without the aid of computer technology. Furthermore, even though other technologies may have had impacts similar to computers in many ways, computer technology has greatly amplified their effects to the point of entirely overshadowing any previous technology’s impact. Finally, the term  computer technology  is meant to be inclusive of any device that is essentially controlled by a basic computer (CPU, program, etc. ). This would include, therefore, modern telephones, VCRs, microwave ovens, CAT scanners, supermarket scanners, and the like. The following are in no particular order. Also, some devices or examples are likely to fit into more than one of the categories below: (1) Ubiquity – It is perhaps stating the obvious that computers appear to be everywhere today. Even when we don’t encounter them directly in their various forms of modern convenience devices, such as digital watches, microwave ovens, VCRs, and the like, we generate transactions that are processed via computers without actively doing anything: the utility companies are recording our usage, the phone company records incoming calls, our answering machine might be recording a message while we are doing something else, someone is performing a credit check on us, etc. (2) Magnification – Computers tend toward magnification in several different ways. First, the explosion of the availability of information is due in large part to the computer’s ability to generate, collect, and store an ever increasing amount of raw data. Since the ability to create and collect data is growing exponentially, so too is the generation of information that can be synthesized from this data. Second, the types of negative impacts a single error can have has grown enormously with computer technology. Finally, the number of people directly affected by a system error has also grown enormously, to where a single software system literally can affect millions directly. 3) Accessibility – Access to information continues to increase at hard to believe speeds. Many information resources are available only in digital form, via, for instance, the Internet. As more information is converted to digital form (e. g. voice and video), the ability to duplicate and distribute such information increases enormously. Indeed, there are some forms of publishing that can exist only within the context of a computer system. The concept of hypertext and hypermedia (including audio and video), the ability to create non-linear accessibility to information, was conceived out of the ability to randomly access information via computers. Its increasing success easily shows how important information in a digital form has become already. (Oz, 1994). (5) Lack of Accountability – It has become a popular complaint that it is getting more and more difficult to locate a human being who is willing to accept responsibility for an error made by a computerized system. While it is tempting to blame such problems on incompetent employees, in truth the problem may be a poor user interface, lack of training, or an error in the software, none of which can be solved by those providing the front-line service. Another difficulty is finding someone who will, indeed, fix an error in an account. It is often the case that service representatives are reluctant to accept the responsibility for making a necessary change. In addition, it can often be difficult to even find a human being to deal with a problem. Getting lost in a voice-mail system has become a modern urban legend. (Nissenbaum, 1994). (6) Temporality – Computers have several effects on time and the timeliness of information. It seems that computer technology is to blame in large part for the â€Å"speed p† of modern society – everything has to get done faster, be there sooner, be available immediately. Another form of temporality in computer systems is that information can be retained over long periods of time, even when they appear to have been destroyed (consider the classic case of Col. Oliver North). There is little reason that information should be entirely lost any more, even due to accident. And it is reas onable to suspect that every scrap of information generated today will be available virtually forever. Another temporal shift for which computers have been responsible is that people who work together do not necessarily have to do so at the same time. Finally, services and information are more frequently available on a 24-hour basis. This allows people to request a service or seek information when it fits their schedule, rather than when it fits the service provider’s schedule. (7) Spatiality – Computers have done more to shorten distances than any previous technology, even the supersonic jet. It is possible to send large amounts of data, messages, video, etc. virtually anywhere in the world via networks such as Internet. Long distance learning, using information databases or video feeds of courses via satellite, is a reality for a growing portion of our modern society. We can now even be on the move when we talk with someone on the phone, or receive a fax. (8) Surveillability – Is there any doubt that computers have made surveillance easier than at any time in history? In addition to the usual surveillance equipment such as cameras and microphones, transactional data is increasingly being collected for virtually all types of transactions, even cash purchases and the acquisition of services. There has even been discussion by the government of using a universal health card, which is seen by many as the first step toward finalizing the move (begun with the co-opting of the social security number) in the US toward a national identification card. (9) Shifting of Relationships/Changes in Intercommunication Protocols – One of the more difficult characteristics to track is how computer technology has changed communication between people and groups of people. In particular, the use of email has been shown to eliminate a lot of the usual visual and verbal cues we often use in communicating with one another (whch can be viewed as both an advantage and as a disadvantage). In addition to removing such cues, computer-mediated communications mask attributes such as race, gender, age, or physical disability, in addition, perhaps, to the person’s social or management status within an organization. (Grudin, 1994; Perrole, 1987). (10) Illusion of Precision – It is not difficult to make many (perhaps even most) people who are not in the computer field believe that any numeric result generated by a computer is correct. Those not well versed in the hardware of computers have little understanding of the fact that numbers must be converted back and forth between decimal and binary forms, or that there is a limitation on the accuracy of numbers due to memory constraints. As a result, they willingly accept values generated by a computer as infinitely accurate. (Liffick, 1985). Conclusion The characteristics described above are factors in the social impact of computer technology. For most there is at least anecdotal evidence of their existence (with seemingly countless examples). For some, there is also experimental evidence. It has finally become widely accepted that technology is not value neutral, as originally thought. By examining this list and using it as a set of landmarks for evaluating new systems, it may be possible to better anticipate the social impact of new systems, prior to their dissemination.

Free Essays on Welding

Plastic & Metal Welding Processes â€Å"In plastics welding, films are fused together under action of heat and pressure, resulting in cross linking of their molecular chains.†(T.I.S.-Plastic welding processes) It is very similar to the way that metal is welded together. Instead of gas, metal and electricity the plastic processes use various types of heat and pressure. In a process called Hot Gas Welding, hot air melts the plastic films and they are put together. When they are cool the hot air made the molecules mix-up and fuse together. A very low efficiency level and high losses of energy are major down falls in Hot Gas Welding. Another process used to weld some plastics, is one called Contact Welding. In this process the films are heated, pressurized by pincers, resulting in a low efficiency weld, because only the outside of the films get heated and welded. This process can only make small welds. Impulse welding isthe same as Contact Welding, only that in Impulse Welding you are able to adjust the heat that is imposed into the film. High Frequency Welding is another form of a Plastic Welding Process. In High Frequency welding high frequency waves travel through the plastic. When this is done it make the electrons move really fast, thus making the plastic heat up. Then you pressurize the plastic and you have your weld. This process is very efficient; it can be welded in small precise areas or in large areas as well. â€Å"High frequencies excite the chemical structure of plastics with neutral or atoms containing both a negative and positive electrons.†(T.I.S.-Plastic Welding Processes) Welding is a craft that can be preformed reasonably by amateurs. As always, good equipment is important for producing good work.†(Garnett, Roger - I.W.P.E.) In metal welding a filler rod is melted by electricity, materials need to be similar, and a shield gas of some sort is usually used. The MIG/MAG process is an easy method of... Free Essays on Welding Free Essays on Welding Plastic & Metal Welding Processes â€Å"In plastics welding, films are fused together under action of heat and pressure, resulting in cross linking of their molecular chains.†(T.I.S.-Plastic welding processes) It is very similar to the way that metal is welded together. Instead of gas, metal and electricity the plastic processes use various types of heat and pressure. In a process called Hot Gas Welding, hot air melts the plastic films and they are put together. When they are cool the hot air made the molecules mix-up and fuse together. A very low efficiency level and high losses of energy are major down falls in Hot Gas Welding. Another process used to weld some plastics, is one called Contact Welding. In this process the films are heated, pressurized by pincers, resulting in a low efficiency weld, because only the outside of the films get heated and welded. This process can only make small welds. Impulse welding isthe same as Contact Welding, only that in Impulse Welding you are able to adjust the heat that is imposed into the film. High Frequency Welding is another form of a Plastic Welding Process. In High Frequency welding high frequency waves travel through the plastic. When this is done it make the electrons move really fast, thus making the plastic heat up. Then you pressurize the plastic and you have your weld. This process is very efficient; it can be welded in small precise areas or in large areas as well. â€Å"High frequencies excite the chemical structure of plastics with neutral or atoms containing both a negative and positive electrons.†(T.I.S.-Plastic Welding Processes) Welding is a craft that can be preformed reasonably by amateurs. As always, good equipment is important for producing good work.†(Garnett, Roger - I.W.P.E.) In metal welding a filler rod is melted by electricity, materials need to be similar, and a shield gas of some sort is usually used. The MIG/MAG process is an easy method of...

THE AUDIENCE YOU LOVE

THE AUDIENCE YOU LOVE Promotion, my current nemesis, is a hungry, all-consuming animal, demanding every waking moment of your life. As a result of its commanding character, we often tend to turn reactive, appearing before anyone wholl let us pitch a table and flash our book. But soon youll be running harem-scarem, marketing like a snake-oil salesman, telling everyone your book will change their world. You dont want to go there. What an education Ive gained since Lowcountry Bribe came in early February. Ive spoken to a room of three and others of a hundred. Ive guest blogged on tiny sites and nationally known. My articles appeared in start-up magazines and the infamous The Writer Magazine. People have promised to buy and not followed through. Others bought several copies for gifts. Bookstore owners have loved me and tossed me on my ear. Even Barnes Noble said the book was available then forgot to order it. The list goes on. My husband ordered me to stop and slow down a week ago. My publisher shot me an email full of harsh realities of the business as who to trust and who isnt worth my time. Then I spoke to a small group in Greenville, SC. Then again in Pittsboro, NC. My 10th grade English teacher invited me to her book club for June, and another lovely lady is trying to schedule her book club to read Lowcountry Bribe and invite me to Myrtle Beach. My parents sold at least 50 copies to tax clients. A girlfriend lined up a newspaper interview, a reading and sales to several friends. Another friend hosted a party and sold 20 books. Here I was, running around like a chicken with its head cut off (not any of MY chickens, BTW), when I should have slowed down and really focused on who I want to reach and how to reach them. So . . . while Ill continue to do conferences here and there, becauseFundsforWriters commands it, I think Ill enjoy the camaraderie of smaller groups for Carolina Slades mystery series. I want people to chat about Slade, the characters, the setting and the twists of the plot. I want feedback on what they loved and would like to see done differently. I think reachable is the term Im seeking. A FundsforWriters reader told me last week that she liked the fact I was reachable. Id like to take that further and say likeable and personable. I attended a conference this year where the highly awarded guest author came and went with the wind, not staying for any of the event other than her talk and a brief moment when she said, Thank you. Ill now entertain questions. Since I get to know most of the conference organizers, I already knew the author was not happy to be there because she liked larger audiences. Dont ever let that be me. I just came off several small group events on the way to The Oklahoma Writers Federation Conference in Oklahoma City, where I am as you are reading this. A well organized event like this is a joy to behold, but I have to admit . . . I love the evening sessions or the small groups in the bar the most. When we are all writers and just enjoying the fact we are.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Personal Statement Example It is through family that I have learnt to invest in simple things such as happiness and respect, prerequisites to every good life. Playing Persian drums requires both physical and mental skills. Physically, one need to develop a listening ear, it is through listening that one learns how and what to play. Any missed part means a lost rhythm which waters down the efforts of other instrumentalists and that of the lead singer or singers. Secondly, one needs a sense of rhythm and timing, one has to identify a rhythm fast enough to be able to play and aid the other performers. This also means that as a Persian drummer you have to have a fast response in order to coordinate well with the rest. The last physical skill is hands and feet coordination. One has to be able to coordinate their hands and feet to create the required rhythm. This level of coordination should be top notch to ensure a stable rhythm through out a performance. Physical skills and engagements may spell one’s prowess on the drums; however, it is the mental skills that allow one to develop the requisite physical skills. The most important mental skills are: a positive mindset, self-discipline and patience. A positive mindset helps one’s patience and resilience as they learn how to play drums. This is because it is a process and without a positive mindset then one will undoubtedly give up. Self-discipline is also another skill this is greatly informed by a positive mindset. Self-discipline ensures that a drummer becomes committed to his act and manages his time well to provide adequate time for practice. Just like in any other engaging activity, patience is paramount. One has to continually resist the urge to walk before one can crawl, a drummer must learn to make the small steps which ultimately build up the necessary skills. As evident, playing Persian drums is an involving engagement. Taking the learning process and being able to stay focused has required a lot of determination. Thankfully,

Global Investment Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Global Investment - Article Example This is the reason behind the industrial success of the nation as well as the admirable economy. On the other hand, Indians would work tirelessly to ensure that, he benefits optimally, through both corruption and fund embezzlement activities. Peter Killing, an American professor, confirm the above philosophy, as he proves to us that, Americans are the best business managers around the world. He further illustrates that the above is evident, from different surveys and education workshops held around the country. The topic arises as a result of the spirit of the American in adopting different environment with the aim to invest. The inclusions to consider when investing in a foreign nation are cultural differences, climate, language, and cost, among others. This is because they are determiners of the success or failures of the business ventures. The above inclusion will facilitate bridging the gap between the two nations. In regard to thriving businesses, like Cisco and Wall Street busters, comes the debate of future IPOs and NASDAQ stocks. Business success in any country comes due to technology, internet revolution, productivity levels and the spirit of the entrepreneurial ship. Ignorance of affairs in the world trade and materialism are hindrances in business development. Understanding the history of business in the country of choice and learning the language of the people of the country, contributes to a business success and also understanding the geographical conditions. A culture of the people in the new country is also noteworthy so that they can remove the `we have a foreign boss’ mindset. This helps in creating openness and befriending the people of that country, thus the success of the business. Managers said that operating a business in a foreign country would succeed first by learning the language of the people and their culture to create friendliness.  

Historical Account of Strategic Management Essay

Historical Account of Strategic Management - Essay Example Business strategies are quite analogous to military strategies wherein the strategic framework is used to provide a vision and direction to the company for its future. The origins of strategy can be found in the military war rooms where extensive planning and strategising are required for preparing themselves against their enemies so as to gain strategic advantage over their enemies. In the context of business organization strategy formulation essentially implies the fulfilment of similar set of objectives; however the only difference being the fact that the strategy formulation takes place inside business board rooms rather than war rooms and battlefields. Strategies are also essential as they help in generating better co-ordination among the team members within an organization. This is very crucial in order to gain competitive advantage in the turbulent and highly competitive business environment. Some of the characteristics of strategies include the aspect of importance, the range of commitment to the resources of the company and the fact that these strategic decisions are largely irreversible or difficult to revert. Authors have however pointed out that the difference of principles between the military and business organizations has perhaps led to the very absence of any general theory on strategy. The present study would try to analyse the basis of business strategy including analysing the origins and the historical background of business strategy. It would also include a comparison of various schools of thought on the aspect of strategic management that is being used by business organizations to gain organizational excellence and generate competitive advantage in the market. Historical Perspective of Strategic Management Strategic management has its roots based in strategy, this term ‘strategy’ has its origins in ancient Greece from the Greek word named ‘strategia’ that in general implies and means general ship. The aspect of str ategy comes from the aspect of ‘army’ and ‘leading’. The first recorded writing about strategy dates back to 500 BC to a work named the ‘Art of War’ written by Sun Tzu. The earlier research on strategy was limited to analysing military strategies. However with competition emerging immensely in the business markets, the aspect of strategy is business has gained prominence amongst researchers (Grant, 2005, p.14). However the aspect of business strategy gained populace among the researchers in the last 20 years where a number of strategic thoughts in business have come up widely. Authors like Porter, Mintzberg and some others have stated strategy as a top level decision making concept that is associated with the management of an entire organization. All these authors have essentially stated that strategy is a managerial aspect and involves the top management in an organization. These views have been severely criticised by authors like Camerer, Eve red, Keichel, Mitroff, Manson, Tinker and Lowe (1984). These authors have slammed the managerial orientation of the topic of strategy and have stated this school of thought as ‘atheoritical’. They have also stated that the views of Porter and others are largely jargon based and largely derived out of commonsense (Srivastava, 1986, p.363). Authors like Ackoff, Ansoff and others have stated that the present literature on strategic managem